EC |
1.1.1.184 |
Accepted name: |
carbonyl reductase (NADPH) |
Reaction: |
R-CHOH-R′ + NADP+ = R-CO-R′ + NADPH + H+ |
Other name(s): |
aldehyde reductase 1; prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase; xenobiotic ketone reductase; NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase; ALR3; carbonyl reductase; nonspecific NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase; carbonyl reductase (NADPH2) |
Systematic name: |
secondary-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
Acts on a wide range of carbonyl compounds, including quinones, aromatic aldehydes, ketoaldehydes, daunorubicin and prostaglandins E and F, reducing them to the corresponding alcohol. Si-specific with respect to NADPH [cf. EC 1.1.1.2 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)]. |
References: |
1. |
Ahmed, N.K., Felsted, R.L. and Bachur, N.R. Heterogeneity of anthracycline antibiotic carbonyl reductases in mammalian livers. Biochem. Pharmacol. 27 (1978) 2713–2719. [PMID: 31888] |
2. |
Lin, Y.M. and Jarabak, J. Isolation of two proteins with 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase and NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activities and studies on their inhibition. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81 (1978) 1227–1234. [PMID: 666816] |
3. |
Wermuth, B. Purification and properties of an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from human brain. Relationship to prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase and xenobiotic ketone reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 1206–1213. [PMID: 7005231] |
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[EC 1.1.1.184 created 1983] |
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EC |
1.1.1.362 |
Accepted name: |
aklaviketone reductase |
Reaction: |
aklavinone + NADP+ = aklaviketone + NADPH + H+ |
Glossary: |
aklavinone = methyl (1R,2R,4S)-2-ethyl-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylate
aklaviketone = methyl (1R,2R)-2-ethyl-2,5,7-trihydroxy-4,6,11-trioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylate
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Other name(s): |
dauE (gene name); aknU (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
aklavinone:NADP+ oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
The enzyme is involved in the synthesis of the aklavinone aglycone, a common precursor for several anthracycline antibiotics including aclacinomycins, daunorubicin and doxorubicin. The enzyme from the Gram-negative bacterium Streptomyces sp. C5 produces daunomycin. |
References: |
1. |
Dickens, M.L., Ye, J. and Strohl, W.R. Cloning, sequencing, and analysis of aklaviketone reductase from Streptomyces sp. strain C5. J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 3384–3388. [PMID: 8655529] |
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[EC 1.1.1.362 created 2013] |
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EC |
1.14.13.180 |
Accepted name: |
aklavinone 12-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
aklavinone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = ε-rhodomycinone + NADP+ + H2O
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Glossary: |
aklavinone = methyl (1R,2R,4S)-2-ethyl-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylate
ε-rhodomycinone = methyl (1R,2R,4S)-2-ethyl-2,4,5,7,12-pentahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylate
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Other name(s): |
DnrF; RdmE; aklavinone 11-hydroxylase (incorrect) |
Systematic name: |
aklavinone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
The enzymes from the Gram-positive bacteria Streptomyces peucetius and Streptomyces purpurascens participate in the biosynthesis of daunorubicin, doxorubicin and rhodomycins. The enzyme from Streptomyces purpurascens is an FAD monooxygenase. |
References: |
1. |
Filippini, S., Solinas, M.M., Breme, U., Schluter, M.B., Gabellini, D., Biamonti, G., Colombo, A.L. and Garofano, L. Streptomyces peucetius daunorubicin biosynthesis gene, dnrF: sequence and heterologous expression. Microbiology 141 (1995) 1007–1016. [PMID: 7773378] |
2. |
Niemi, J., Wang, Y., Airas, K., Ylihonko, K., Hakala, J. and Mantsala, P. Characterization of aklavinone-11-hydroxylase from Streptomyces purpurascens. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1430 (1999) 57–64. [PMID: 10082933] |
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[EC 1.14.13.180 created 2013] |
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EC |
1.14.13.181 |
Accepted name: |
13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
(1) 13-deoxydaunorubicin + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 13-dihydrodaunorubicin + NADP+ + H2O
(2) 13-dihydrodaunorubicin + NADPH + H+ + O2 = daunorubicin + NADP+ + 2 H2O
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Glossary: |
13-dihydrodaunorubicin = daunorubicinol = (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
13-deoxydaunorubicin = (1S,3S)-3-ethyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
daunorubicin = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside |
Other name(s): |
DoxA |
Systematic name: |
13-deoxydaunorubicin,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (13-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
The enzymes from the Gram-positive bacteria Streptomyces sp. C5 and Streptomyces peucetius show broad substrate specificity for structures based on an anthracycline aglycone, but have a strong preference for 4-methoxy anthracycline intermediates (13-deoxydaunorubicin and 13-dihydrodaunorubicin) over their 4-hydroxy analogues (13-deoxycarminomycin and 13-dihydrocarminomycin), as well as a preference for substrates hydroxylated at the C-13 rather than the C-14 position. |
References: |
1. |
Walczak, R.J., Dickens, M.L., Priestley, N.D. and Strohl, W.R. Purification, properties, and characterization of recombinant Streptomyces sp. strain C5 DoxA, a cytochrome P-450 catalyzing multiple steps in doxorubicin biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 298–304. [PMID: 9864343] |
2. |
Dickens, M.L., Priestley, N.D. and Strohl, W.R. In vivo and in vitro bioconversion of ε-rhodomycinone glycoside to doxorubicin: functions of DauP, DauK, and DoxA. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 2641–2650. [PMID: 9098063] |
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[EC 1.14.13.181 created 2013] |
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EC |
2.1.1.288 |
Accepted name: |
aklanonic acid methyltransferase |
Reaction: |
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + aklanonate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl aklanonate |
Glossary: |
methyl aklanonate = methyl [1,4,5-trihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-3-(3-oxopentanoyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl]acetate
aklanonate = [4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-3-(3-oxopentanoyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl]acetic acid |
Other name(s): |
DauC; AAMT |
Systematic name: |
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:aklanonate O-methyltransferase |
Comments: |
The enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces sp. C5 is involved in the biosynthesis of the anthracycline daunorubicin. |
References: |
1. |
Dickens, M.L., Ye, J. and Strohl, W.R. Analysis of clustered genes encoding both early and late steps in daunomycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces sp. strain C5. J. Bacteriol. 177 (1995) 536–543. [PMID: 7836284] |
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[EC 2.1.1.288 created 2013] |
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EC |
2.1.1.292 |
Accepted name: |
carminomycin 4-O-methyltransferase |
Reaction: |
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carminomycin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + daunorubicin |
Glossary: |
daunorubicin = (+)-daunomycin = (8S,10S)-8-acetyl-10-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-9,10-dihydro-7H-tetracene-5,12-dione
carminomycin = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydronaphthacen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
carubicin = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside
= (8S,10S)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydronaphthacene-5,12-dione
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Other name(s): |
DnrK; DauK |
Systematic name: |
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:carminomycin 4-O-methyltransferase |
Comments: |
The enzymes from the Gram-positive bacteria Streptomyces sp. C5 and Streptomyces peucetius are involved in the biosynthesis of the anthracycline daunorubicin. In vitro the enzyme from Streptomyces sp. C5 also catalyses the 4-O-methylation of 13-dihydrocarminomycin, rhodomycin D and 10-carboxy-13-deoxycarminomycin [3]. |
References: |
1. |
Connors, N.C. and Strohl, W.R. Partial purification and properties of carminomycin 4-O-methyltransferase from Streptomyces sp. strain C5. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 Pt 6 (1993) 1353–1362. [PMID: 8360627] |
2. |
Jansson, A., Koskiniemi, H., Mantsala, P., Niemi, J. and Schneider, G. Crystal structure of a ternary complex of DnrK, a methyltransferase in daunorubicin biosynthesis, with bound products. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 41149–41156. [PMID: 15273252] |
3. |
Dickens, M.L., Priestley, N.D. and Strohl, W.R. In vivo and in vitro bioconversion of ε-rhodomycinone glycoside to doxorubicin: functions of DauP, DauK, and DoxA. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 2641–2650. [PMID: 9098063] |
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[EC 2.1.1.292 created 2013] |
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EC |
5.5.1.23 |
Accepted name: |
aklanonic acid methyl ester cyclase |
Reaction: |
aklaviketone = methyl aklanonate |
Glossary: |
aklaviketone = methyl (1R,2R)-2-ethyl-2,5,7-trihydroxy-4,6,11-trioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylate
methyl aklanonate = methyl [4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-3-(3-oxopentanoyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl]acetate |
Other name(s): |
dauD (gene name); aknH (gene name); dnrD (gene name); methyl aklanonate cyclase; methyl aklanonate-aklaviketone isomerase (cyclizing); aklaviketone lyase (decyclizing) |
Systematic name: |
aklaviketone lyase (ring-opening) |
Comments: |
The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of aklaviketone, an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathways leading to formation of several anthracycline antibiotics, including aclacinomycin, daunorubicin and doxorubicin. |
References: |
1. |
Dickens, M.L., Ye, J. and Strohl, W.R. Analysis of clustered genes encoding both early and late steps in daunomycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces sp. strain C5. J. Bacteriol. 177 (1995) 536–543. [PMID: 7836284] |
2. |
Kendrew, S.G., Katayama, K., Deutsch, E., Madduri, K. and Hutchinson, C.R. DnrD cyclase involved in the biosynthesis of doxorubicin: purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 4794–4799. [PMID: 10200167] |
3. |
Kallio, P., Sultana, A., Niemi, J., Mantsala, P. and Schneider, G. Crystal structure of the polyketide cyclase AknH with bound substrate and product analogue: implications for catalytic mechanism and product stereoselectivity. J. Mol. Biol. 357 (2006) 210–220. [PMID: 16414075] |
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[EC 5.5.1.23 created 2013, modified 2014] |
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