EC |
1.13.11.57 |
Accepted name: |
gallate dioxygenase |
Reaction: |
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate + O2 = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate |
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For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here |
Glossary: |
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate = gallate |
Other name(s): |
GalA; gallate:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Systematic name: |
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
Contains non-heme Fe2+. The enzyme is a ring-cleavage dioxygenase that acts specifically on 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate to produce the keto-tautomer of 4-oxalomesaconate [1,2]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Nogales, J., Canales, A., JimĂ©nez-Barbero, J., García, J.L. and Díaz, E. Molecular characterization of the gallate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The prototype of a new subgroup of extradiol dioxygenases. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 35382–35390. [DOI] [PMID: 16030014] |
2. |
Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457] |
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[EC 1.13.11.57 created 2011] |
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EC |
2.8.3.26 |
Accepted name: |
succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA transferase |
Reaction: |
succinyl-CoA + mesaconate = 2-methylfumaryl-CoA + succinate |
Glossary: |
2-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxy-2-methylprop-2-enoyl-CoA
mesaconate = 2-methylbut-2-enedioic acid |
Other name(s): |
mct (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA transferase |
Comments: |
The enzyme participates in the methylaspartate cycle, an anaplerotic pathway that operates in some members of the haloarchaea and forms malate from acetyl-CoA. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Khomyakova, M., Bukmez, O., Thomas, L.K., Erb, T.J. and Berg, I.A. A methylaspartate cycle in haloarchaea. Science 331 (2011) 334–337. [PMID: 21252347] |
2. |
Borjian, F., Johnsen, U., Schonheit, P. and Berg, I.A. Succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA-transferase and mesaconyl-CoA hydratase, enzymes of the methylaspartate cycle in Haloarcula hispanica. Front. Microbiol. 8:1683 (2017). [PMID: 28932214] |
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[EC 2.8.3.26 created 2020] |
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EC |
3.1.1.57 |
Accepted name: |
2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase |
Reaction: |
2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + H2O = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate |
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For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here |
Other name(s): |
2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase; 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonohydrolase |
Systematic name: |
2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonohydrolase |
Comments: |
The product is most likely the keto-form of 4-oxalomesaconate (as shown in the reaction) [1,2]. It can be converted to the enol-form, 4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-trioate, either spontaneously or by EC 5.3.2.8, 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase [3]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 84177-55-9 |
References: |
1. |
Kersten, P.J., Dagley, S., Whittaker, J.W., Arciero, D.M. and Lipscomb, J.D. 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, a catabolite of gallic acids in Pseudomonas species. J. Bacteriol. 152 (1982) 1154–1162. [PMID: 7142106] |
2. |
Maruyama, K. Purification and properties of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 93 (1983) 557–565. [PMID: 6841353] |
3. |
Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457] |
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[EC 3.1.1.57 created 1986, modified 2010] |
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EC |
4.2.1.34 |
Accepted name: |
(S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase |
Reaction: |
(S)-2-methylmalate = 2-methylfumarate + H2O |
Other name(s): |
mesaconate hydratase; (+)-citramalate hydro-lyase; L-citramalate hydrolase; citramalate dehydratase; (+)-citramalic hydro-lyase; mesaconate mesaconase; mesaconase; (S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase |
Systematic name: |
(S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase (2-methylfumarate-forming) |
Comments: |
Also hydrates fumarate to (S)-malate. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9027-94-5 |
References: |
1. |
Blair, A.H. and Barker, H.A. Assay and purification of (+)-citramalate hydro-lyase components from Clostridium tetanomorphum. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 400–408. [PMID: 5903732] |
2. |
Wang, C.C. and Barker, H.A. Purification and properties of L-citramalate hydrolyase. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 2516–2526. [PMID: 5769987] |
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[EC 4.2.1.34 created 1972] |
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EC |
4.2.1.83 |
Accepted name: |
4-oxalomesaconate hydratase |
Reaction: |
2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = (1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + H2O |
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For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here |
Other name(s): |
4-oxalmesaconate hydratase; 4-carboxy-2-oxohexenedioate hydratase; 4-carboxy-2-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase; oxalmesaconate hydratase; γ-oxalmesaconate hydratase; 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase; LigJ; GalB |
Systematic name: |
(1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 1,2-hydro-lyase (2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate-forming) |
Comments: |
This enzyme participates in the degradation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (via the meta-cleavage pathway), syringate and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, catalysing the reaction in the opposite direction [1-3]. It accepts the enol-form of 4-oxalomesaconate, 2-hydroxy-4-carboxy-hexa-2,4-dienedioate [4]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 85204-95-1 |
References: |
1. |
Maruyama, K. Enzymes responsible for degradation of 4-oxalmesaconic acid in Pseudomonas ochraceae. J. Biochem. 93 (1983) 567–574. [PMID: 6841354] |
2. |
Maruyama, K. Purification and properties of γ-oxalomesaconate hydratase from Pseudomonas ochraceae grown with phthalate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 128 (1985) 271–277. [DOI] [PMID: 3985968] |
3. |
Hara, H., Masai, E., Katayama, Y. and Fukuda, M. The 4-oxalomesaconate hydratase gene, involved in the protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway, is essential to vanillate and syringate degradation in Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 6950–6957. [DOI] [PMID: 11092855] |
4. |
Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457] |
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[EC 4.2.1.83 created 1986, modified 2011] |
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EC |
4.3.1.2 |
Accepted name: |
methylaspartate ammonia-lyase |
Reaction: |
L-threo-3-methylaspartate = mesaconate + NH3 |
Other name(s): |
β-methylaspartase; 3-methylaspartase; L-threo-3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase |
Systematic name: |
L-threo-3-methylaspartate ammonia-lyase (mesaconate-forming) |
Comments: |
A cobalamin protein. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9033-26-5 |
References: |
1. |
Barker, H.A., Smyth, R.O., Wawszkiewicz, E.J., Lee, M.N. and Wilson, R.M. Enzymic preparation and characterization of an α-L-β-methylaspartic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 78 (1958) 468–476. [DOI] [PMID: 13618029] |
2. |
Bright, H.J. and Ingraham, L.L. The preparation of crystalline β-methylaspartase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 44 (1960) 586–588. |
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[EC 4.3.1.2 created 1961] |
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EC |
5.3.2.8 |
Accepted name: |
4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase |
Reaction: |
(1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = (1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate |
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For diagram of the protocatechuate 3,4-cleavage pathway, click here |
Glossary: |
(1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = keto tautomer of 4-oxalomesaconate
(1E,3E)-4-hydroxybuta-1,3-diene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = one of the enol tautomers of 4-oxalomesaconate |
Other name(s): |
GalD |
Systematic name: |
4-oxalomesaconate keto—enol-isomerase |
Comments: |
This enzyme has been characterized from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and is involved in the degradation pathway of syringate and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. It catalyses the interconversion of two of the tautomers of 4-oxalomesaconate, a reaction that can also occur spontaneously. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Nogales, J., Canales, A., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Serra B., Pingarrón, J. M., García, J. L. and Díaz, E. Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 79 (2011) 359–374. [DOI] [PMID: 21219457] |
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[EC 5.3.2.8 created 2011 as EC 5.3.3.16, modified 2011, transferred 2012 to EC 5.3.2.8] |
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EC
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5.3.3.16
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Transferred entry: | 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase. Now EC 5.3.2.8, 4-oxalomesaconate tautomerase
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[EC 5.3.3.16 created 2011, modified 2011, deleted 2013] |
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EC |
5.4.1.3 |
Accepted name: |
2-methylfumaryl-CoA isomerase |
Reaction: |
2-methylfumaryl-CoA = 3-methylfumaryl-CoA |
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For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle, click here |
Glossary: |
2-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxy-2-methylprop-2-enoyl-CoA
3-methylfumaryl-CoA = (E)-3-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA |
Other name(s): |
mesaconyl-CoA C1-C4 CoA transferase; Mct |
Systematic name: |
2-methylfumaryl-CoA 1,4-CoA-mutase |
Comments: |
The enzyme, purified from the bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, acts as an intramolecular CoA transferase and does not transfer CoA to free mesaconate. It is part of the 3-hydroxypropanoate cycle for carbon assimilation. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB |
References: |
1. |
Zarzycki, J., Brecht, V., Muller, M. and Fuchs, G. Identifying the missing steps of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate CO2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 (2009) 21317–21322. [DOI] [PMID: 19955419] |
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[EC 5.4.1.3 created 2014] |
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